Roman Mosaic Tesserae Group

Comprising an oval cell with an applied suspension loop and three coiled drops below; set with a garnet cabochon engraved with a winged figure of the goddess Victoria (Victory), wearing a plumed helmet and holding arrows in her extended hand; stone cracked. 4.59 grams, 34 mm



Acquired from Royal Athena Gallery. From a major London, UK, collection, 1970s. Ex property of a North London, UK, gentleman. Accompanied by a previous catalogue information slip.

The winged goddess of victory not only represented a specific deity, but for the Romans she was the symbol of Rome's invincibility. She was not only the emperor's permanent companion but his guarantee for his success in military campaigns. For this reason she was frequently represented on monuments, standards and on coins, gems and statuettes.

Comprising ten lentoid-section glandes, five with impressed stylised 'fulmen' (thunderbolt) of Jupiter. 384 grams total, 18-36 mm



Acquired in Europe in 1990. European private collection.

The missiles of ovoid shape belong to type Ia of the Völling classification. The sling (funda) with its lead missiles (plumbea pondera or glandae) and stone (lapides) was used by special funditores, illustrated on Trajan’s Column where they are simply dressed in broad tunics with no armour, but carry a shield. A fold in their cloak, or sagulum, acted as an ammunition bag. The effectiveness of the slingers was unquestionable and much appreciated, especially against elephants. Celsus, writing towards the end of the 2nd century A.D., described how a slingshot wound was more dangerous and harder to treat than one inflicted by an arrow.

Rectangular-section block with incised spots disposed 2, 3, 2, 4. 1 grams, 14.4 mm



From the important private collection of dice and gaming pieces of Colin Narbeth, London, UK, collection no.51.