Roman Bronze Lion Fitting

For the deposition of ashes (absent), with bulbous body, everted rim and discoid foot, a stylised human face to the upper body expressed with three circular holes for the eyes and mouth, pinched nose in high-relief and raised eyebrows; repaired. 5.13 kg, 34 cm wide



Acquired 1960s-1990s. Late Alison Barker collection, a retired London barrister.

Cremation was the usual burial practice in early Roman Britain and whilst it was common for larger ceramic or glass domestic vessels to be reused as cinerary urns, this particular type was created specifically for the purpose and was strongly associated with military contexts in Britain. After death, an individual would have been cremated on a pyre, the ashes gathered once the fire had gone out, and finally placed into the pot. The pot may then have been placed into a small 'tile tomb' buried beneath the ground. The face clearly has symbolic meaning; it may represent the deceased or a god, or may have served an apotropaic function, intended to ward-off evil spirits. The exact meaning of the face would have been clearer when the vessel was in situ alongside other associated burial goods. Although there are similarities in style across the known sample of Roman face pots, each is unique in some way. Face pot finds are concentrated in Colchester in Britain, suggesting a military association, since Camulodunum, 'The 'Fortress of the War God Camulos', was the capital of Roman Britain and Britain's first city. A more robust military connection was established by the archaeologist Gillian Braithwaite, whose survey of thousands of face pot sherds demonstrated that their occurrence spread rapidly though the Roman Empire, from the Black Sea, to Spain, the Mediterranean and Scotland. Braithwaite was able to link the pots to the Roman army and thus explain this phenomenon; as the units moved from province to province, face pots occurred in that region for the first time. The frequency of complete face pots suggests their use as cremation urns.

Mostly from vessel rims and bowls and decorated in relief with architectural, foliate and geometric designs. 399 grams total, 3-14.5 cm



Found Billingsgate spoil from the Thames foreshore, London, UK.

Openwork heart-shaped shoulders and reef-knot to the underside, ellipsoid cell with inset cameo. 5.03 grams, 20.13 mm overall, 15.77 mm internal diameter (approximate size British G 1/2, USA 3 1/2, Europe 5.55, Japan 5)



Acquired in the 1980s. American private collection. with Bonhams, London, 23 October 2013, lot 163. Accompanied by a previous dealer's catalogue and price card (£3,750.00). This lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by search certificate no.203078.