Medieval English Glazed Ceramic Tile With a Dove

Comprising eight caltrops, hand-forged with square-section spikes. 439 grams total, 88-95 mm



Acquired 1971-1972. From the collection of the vendor's father. Property of a London, UK, collector.

Caltrops were scattered on battlefields in an effort to stop or slow advancing enemy cavalry or foot soldiers; regardless of how a caltrop lands, one spike is always facing upwards. In 1082, Emperor Alexios Komnenos used caltrops against the Norman cavalry in the Balkans but the Normans avoided them by flanking the Roman line.

Comprising a circular stone with an incised cross to one side and a series of 13 heraldic hearts to the other; a bronze cross pendant with annulet-in-circle motifs to one side. 47 grams total, 30-36 mm



From an old Worcestershire, UK collection. The Kusmirek Collection, UK.

The copper-alloy pendant appears to be cross-shaped with the top arm forming the suspension loop. It is therefore possible to consider the pendant to be T-shaped, in the form of the Greek letter Tau. These Tau crosses often acted as miniature reliquaries which are thought to have contained a herbal compound that was used to treat the symptoms of St Anthony's fire.

Intended for a religious statue, with foot-shaped recesses to the top face; the left side with a painted polychrome scene comprising Saint Jerome and Saint Ambrose with Saint Michael holding a sword and scales for weighing souls; the right side painted with a scene comprising Saint Gregory the Great, Saint Augustine and Saint John the Evangelist; both scenes set with gilt architectural frame; the reverse with the Holy Spirit depicted as a dove. 1.95 kg, 16.5 cm high

Very fine condition.

Ex Julius Böhler Ltd, Munich, Germany, 2000. Ex central London gallery. Accompanied by an academic report by Dr Raffaele D’Amato. This lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by search certificate no.11741-202052.

The base probably housed a statue of Christ. The painting, although mannerist, reflects the style of the Germanic Renaissance. The saints surrounding the dove are easily recognisable by their attributes. St Jerome as a penitent was often represented in front of a crucifix, next to him the hourglass and the skull, symbolising fleeing time leading to death. St Ambrose is represented with his whip, defending people from the enemies of the faith. St Michael is holding the sword and balance and St Augustine is represented with the child who appeared to him on the seashore admonishing him. Many representations from the Middle Ages show Pope St Gregory the Great (of a noble family and pontiff from 590 to 604) with the Dove of the Holy Spirit perched on his shoulder. St John the Evangelist is represented here according to the golden legend of Jacopo da Varazze, with a snake and a chalice.