Roman Carnelian Gemstone with Minerva and Mercury

A mixed group of ceramic bullae, tesserae or theatre tokens bearing low-relief motifs, mainly consisting of profile busts of deities. 35.6 grams total, 14-22 mm



From the private collection of a European gentleman (1942-2024), formed since the 1970s.

The term 'tessera' was used in Roman times to convey the Greek term σύμβολον (token). Small tiles are known as tokens, often shaped like coins, made of metal (copper, lead, iron), clay, bone, wood, or glass, stamped as well as engraved. The tokens, however, are not exclusively coin-shaped, as the Latin term 'tessera' refers to a four-sided shape. Tokens and tesserae seem to have been used both in Athens and Rome for the distribution of goods. According to written sources, the term ‘token’ is identified with credentials of the official authorities. They have also been interpreted as tokens of identity, as entrance tickets to theatre performances, tribunals or assemblies of citizens, archival material of seal engraving, as pawns in games, Charon’s obols and even as amulets.

Flat in section with tapering rounded opposed ends; scalloped median band on a pounced field with median punched-pellet centreline. 19.97 grams, 55 mm



From the private collection of Mr Brian Edwards, New Malden, Surrey, UK, formed from the late 1970s-early 1980s; thence by descent. Accompanied by the original collector's data sheet(s) with reference no.A88.

Comprising a large D-section hoop and a discoid bezel with a stylised gryphon. 2.85 grams, 24.34 mm overall, 20.26 mm internal diameter (approximate size British T, USA 9 1/2, Europe 21.26, Japan 20)



From a UK collection formed in the 1980s. Property of an Essex, UK, gentleman.