Roman Bronze Seal with Busts and Greek Legends

A mixed group of ceramic bullae, tesserae or theatre tokens bearing low-relief motifs, mainly consisting of profile busts of deities. 34 grams total, 13-19 mm



From the private collection of a European gentleman (1942-2024), formed since the 1970s.

The term 'tessera' was used in Roman times to convey the Greek term σύμβολον (token). Small tiles are known as tokens, often shaped like coins, made of metal (copper, lead, iron), clay, bone, wood, or glass, stamped as well as engraved. The tokens, however, are not exclusively coin-shaped, as the Latin term 'tessera' suggests by etymologically referring to a square or at least a four-sided shape and confirmed in several cases by material remains of the past. Tokens and tesserae seem to have been used both in Athens and Rome for the distribution of goods. According to written sources, the term token is identified with credentials of the official authorities. They have also been interpreted as tokens of identity, as entrance tickets to theatre performances, tribunals or assemblies of citizens, archival material of seal engraving, as pawns in games, Charon’s obols and even as amulets.

Modelled as a prancing horse with its foreleg raised, mane and tail indicated by diagonal striations; pin and catchplate on the reverse. 15.2 grams, 34 mm



Ex German art market, 2000s. Acquired from an EU collector living in London. From the collection of a Surrey, UK, gentleman.

Two well-preserved rectangular wax tablets of a polyptych, each made of dark hardwood, probably acacia; the inner leaf in two adjoining parts, with recessed panels on both sides, covered with dark layers of wax; the second is the rear cover of the polyptych, with a recessed wax covered writing panel to the inner face, the outer face flat and not inscribed; both tablets with two pairs of holes on the left frame for linking them together; remains of stylus engraved Greek script on all three writing panels; on the second tablet 11 lines in cursive Greek script, mentioning inter alia a gymnasiarchos, a local magistrate in Roman Egypt, probably from an accounting codex. 263 grams total, 18.6 x 17 cm



Property of a North London gentleman; previously in the Dean family collection since 1975. Accompanied by a copy of an illustrated academic report by Professor Dr phil. Peter Rothenhöfer. This lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by search certificate number no.13177-248472.

Wax tablets written in Greek or Latin, were used by Romans as account registers (codices accepti et expensi); for transactions (for example, the tablets of the banker Lucius Caecilius Iucundus found in Pompeii); for lists of goods, inventories, and notes to be kept and archived; for Roman magistrates to annotate the salient events of their bureaucratical activities; for writing letters; for drawing up legal texts of various kinds: legacies, declarations of births and citizenship, reports of trials and diplomata militaria.