Roman Bronze Ring with VICTOR

Fragment of dark blue glass with applied gold-foil decoration: figural scene above a band of running scrolls; Greek script legend 'ЄΜΟΡΟΟΥ[...]'. 2.19 grams, 25 mm



From a European collection, 1970s.

The fragment has a shallow curvature as if it was once part of a large drinking vessel. The Greek text 'εμορο ογ' appears to be derived from the verb εἵμαρται 'to be fatal' or 'to be destined by fate', so '[it was] not fatal'.

With intaglio profile portrait bust with frond; supplied with a museum-quality impression. 1.09 grams, 16 mm



From the collection of a Swiss gentleman formed in Europe from 1970-1980s; thence by descent from the family in London.

A contemporary pair of clay coin dies used to manufacture coin forgeries, the working faces depicting a gold aureus or silver denarius of Emperor Severus Alexander, with incuse and reversed legends; each counterfeit die with inscribed numbering to verso [(((( LXIIII = 64]; accompanied by a clay crucible excavated at the same time with inked inscription to the underside: 'Arch.-Nr. / 6612-1975', another object that would have been required in the casting process of manufacturing of fake coins. 86.86 grams total, 44-58 mm

1 - 1 1/4 in.

In a private collection of Roman objects since 1975. Accompanied by a copy of a letter and schedule addressed to the Director of the Library Faculty of Kamp-Linfurt, a branch of Stadsparkasse Duisburg regarding the loan of the forger's die and crucible for exhibition, dated 13 December 1993.

Towards the end of the 2nd century and the early 3rd century A.D. the quality of Roman coinage began to be altered. Probably from the beginning of the reign of Severus Alexander, forgers were tacitly allowed by the Roman government to issue counterfeit coins. There are many ancient coins of this emperor that appear to have been cast in moulds. Most of these moulds would have been employed by forgers, and the dies were normally destroyed quickly after use in an effort to dispose of the evidence.