Roman Bronze Ring with Lion

With a keeled hoop expanding at the shoulders, oval raised bezel with standing goddess Minerva holding a long spear and shield at her feet, wearing a crested helmet. 6.92 grams, 22.09 mm overall, 17.21 mm internal diameter (approximate size British J, USA 4 3/4, Europe 8.69, Japan 8)



From the collection of a High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK, gentleman, circa 2000.

With intaglio profile head of an eagle; supplied with a museum-quality impression. 0.34 grams, 10 mm



From the collection of a Swiss gentleman formed in Europe from 1970-1980s; thence by descent from the family in London.

Decorated with a high-relief pattern comprising sphinxes, dolphins and masks of Medusa in fields between columns; ropework and floral border strips with laurel leaves. 6.4 kg, 41 cm wide



From a West Sussex, UK, collection, 1990s.

There were many ways of burying bodies during the Roman Empire. Although the majority were buried without coffins, there is evidence for wooden coffins, lead-framed wooden coffins, tile burials and lead and stone coffins. This item belongs to types widespread in the Eastern Mediterranean. The panel is decorated with a columned structure, and within each section are symbols of the outer-world, including gorgons, sphinx and dolphins. The sphinx, having a human head and breasts, legs and paws of a lion, and wings of a bird, was generally associated with protecting imperial tombs and temples. The roundels featuring the head of Medusa, known for her potent gazes that could turn one to stone, was favoured on sarcophagi and architectural ornaments because it was believed that her image would protect those within. The dolphin was considered to ferry the souls of the dead to the afterlife. Very often these sarcophagi were connected by a pipe to the ground above so that mourners could pour in offerings into the grave.