Roman Bronze Horse Brooch

A mixed group of ceramic bullae, tesserae or theatre tokens bearing low-relief motifs, mainly consisting of profile busts of deities. 37 grams total, 14-23 mm



From the private collection of a European gentleman (1942-2024), formed since the 1970s.

The term 'tessera' was used in Roman times to convey the Greek term σύμβολον (token). Small tiles are known as tokens, often shaped like coins, made of metal (copper, lead, iron), clay, bone, wood, or glass, stamped as well as engraved. The tokens, however, are not exclusively coin-shaped, as the Latin term 'tessera' refers to a four-sided shape. Tokens and tesserae seem to have been used both in Athens and Rome for the distribution of goods. According to written sources, the term ‘token’ is identified with credentials of the official authorities. They have also been interpreted as tokens of identity, as entrance tickets to theatre performances, tribunals or assemblies of citizens, archival material of seal engraving, as pawns in games, Charon’s obols and even as amulets.

Comprising an elongated nozzle with a raised rim extending to the discus, two filler holes flanking an advancing ram with curly fleece detailing and curving horns, floral detailing on the shoulder and a low basal ring. 176 grams, 14.5 cm



By descent to the son of a late Hertfordshire gentleman collector, whose collection was formed from the 1960s.

Comprising: three rectangular weights, one barrel-shaped with two symbols on one end, and a tabular bifacial plaque with four standing figures on one side and the other with three figures. 72 grams total, 14-22 mm



Acquired on UK art market. Property of a Middlesex gentleman.