Large Roman Carnelian Gemstone with Hercules

A mixed group of ceramic bullae, tesserae or theatre tokens bearing low-relief motifs, mainly consisting of profile busts of deities. 30.9 grams total, 12-20 mm



From the private collection of a European gentleman (1942-2024), formed since the 1970s.

The term 'tessera' was used in Roman times to convey the Greek term σύμβολον (token). Small tiles are known as tokens, often shaped like coins, made of metal (copper, lead, iron), clay, bone, wood, or glass, stamped as well as engraved. The tokens, however, are not exclusively coin-shaped, as the Latin term 'tessera' refers to a four-sided shape. Tokens and tesserae seem to have been used both in Athens and Rome for the distribution of goods. According to written sources, the term ‘token’ is identified with credentials of the official authorities. They have also been interpreted as tokens of identity, as entrance tickets to theatre performances, tribunals or assemblies of citizens, archival material of seal engraving, as pawns in games, Charon’s obols and even as amulets.

Comprising a rectangular plate with 'ANNO' in capital letters, and three rivets below, a large ribbed hook to one end. 23.2 grams, 58 mm



From a Wiltshire, UK, collection, 1990s.

With transverse bar, D-shaped headplate, D-section body, sleeve finial, extended catch and hinge to the reverse. 6.67 grams, 26 mm



From a continental European collection. From a UK collection formed in the 1980s. Property of an Essex, UK, gentleman.