Byzantine Bronze Pendant Cross

Each with chamfered edges and dense panel of calligraphic text. 9.3 grams total, 19-25 mm



Ex German art market, 2000s. Acquired from an EU collector living in London. From the collection of a Surrey, UK, gentleman.

Bulbous, undecorated body with rounded base; intended to be filled with explosive liquid and a wick, and used as a hand grenade. 447 grams, 95 mm



From a specialist collection, London, UK, 1990-2000s. Accompanied by an academic paper by military specialist Dr Raffaele D'Amato, dated 15 July 2019 and titled 'Eastern Roman Empire - Greek Fire Bomb or Hand Grenade (μεσαίον kακάβιον) 9th-11th century AD'.

Apart from the use of siphons or manual flame-throwers called cheirosiphona, special corps of Roman soldiers employed terracotta grenades, in the form of small jars, abundantly evidenced in archaeological excavations. They were called μεσαία kακαβιά or κυτροκακάβια, where the former had a bulbous shape and the latter a more cylindrical form.

One panel from an enkolpion with hinge knuckle above; mounted on a custom-made display stand. 123 grams total, 10.5 cm including stand



Previously with an ADA member's London gallery. Ex Important North London gentleman's private collection, 1980-1990s. Accompanied by a copy of a Coincraft certificate of authenticity.